لُقۡمَان
Luqman
Verses
34
Revelation
Makki
Period
Middle Makkan
Surah No.
31 / 114
Named after the wise man Luqman, a figure renowned in Arab tradition for his wisdom and moral teaching. The surah presents his counsels to his son as a model of practical and spiritual guidance: to worship Allah alone, to honour parents while holding firm to monotheism, to maintain prayer, to enjoin good and forbid evil, and to cultivate humility. The surah situates this ethical framework within a broader meditation on divine signs in creation and the reality of the Day of Judgement.
أسباب النزول
Luqman was revealed in Makkah during a period when the Quraysh challenged the Prophet about the source of his wisdom and questioned the doctrine of resurrection. Several verses were revealed in response to questions about the nature of the soul and the certainty of the Hour. The portrayal of Luqman – a man of wisdom not from the prophetic lineage – served to demonstrate that true wisdom always leads to the same monotheistic truth preached by the Prophet.
“O my son, do not associate anything with Allah. Indeed, association [with Him] is great injustice.”
The opening counsel of Luqman to his son, identifying shirk as the gravest of wrongs because it places created beings on the level of the Creator.
“O my son, if it should be the weight of a mustard seed and it should be within a rock or in the heavens or in the earth, Allah will bring it forth.”
A vivid affirmation of divine omniscience: no deed, however minute or hidden, escapes Allah's knowledge and reckoning.
“Indeed, Allah – with Him is knowledge of the Hour, and He sends down the rain, and He knows what is in the wombs.”
The five matters known only to Allah (al-mafatih al-ghayb), often cited in Islamic theology as definitive boundaries of divine exclusive knowledge.